对于田黄石或称为“上坂”、“中坂”、“下坂”的，过去人们一直不能甚解，尤其是外地人，在概念上总是空泛的，为此，笔者曾于72年、87年、98年三次到寿山田黄产地进行了考察。
产地与现状
对于田黄石或称为“上坂”、“中坂”、“下坂”的，过去人们一直不能甚解，尤其是外地人，在概念上总是空泛的，为此，笔者曾于72年、87年、98年三次到寿山田黄产地进行了考察。98年在那次考察，在友人的带领下，可谓详尽。在寿山村南面的内外洋隔界的高山山麓中，一股小清流从溪口流出，此溪当地人称为坑头溪。从溪口流出大约五、六百米间和从高山西侧流下的大段溪汇合，汇合后的溪流就是寿山溪。沿溪而下，弯弯曲曲，从寿山村内外洋绕过，又与发源旗山的大洋溪交汇。交汇处，溪中有一巨石，溪面突然狭窄，水流湍急，人们原先在此处设置水车碓米，故称“碓下”。经廻龙、双溪、带下及结门潭后缓缓流入连江县境 内。人们将产田石的沿溪水田分为上、中、下三个地段，俗称以“坂”。对于这个“坂”字，外地人多不解其意，或认为有什么奥妙，其实是地段和地点的意思。将 田黄产区分为上坂、中坂、下坂，这也是当地人的习惯称谓。文人们根据“地名从当地”的习惯原则，著之于书，公之于世，遂成为田黄产地的正式称谓。前人将坑 头溪与大段溪交汇的大段以上的水田，称为上坂，大段到大洋溪交汇处这一段的水田称为中坂，此后至碓下的水田称为下坂，从碓下到结门潭称碓下坂。近年来寿山 石农根据近二十年来所产田黄质地和生意需要又习惯地将中坂、下坂合称中坂，碓下坂称下坂。各坂所产田石分别称之为上板田、中板田和下板田。
就 产田石而言，据记载，在这“从坑头发源地到下游的结门潭，总长大约七、八公里。数百年来，就在这溪旁或宽或窄、总面积不到一平方公里的水田中曾产过不少珍 贵的田黄宝石”。但是，也就是在这样小的产地里，经过人们数百年的挖掘，在民国时期就有“久不产石”的传闻。我国改革开放后，寿山村民为“寻宝”又掀起了 二十年的扫尾挖掘，在这二十年的挖掘中，可以说是把所有能挖到的田土又重翻了数遍。有时是全村男女老幼齐出动，不分昼夜的挖掘。目前的状况是：除中坂地段 的二亩四分地，由当地政府用石砌起加以保护禁止再挖外，其它田中就连小指头大小的“田黄仔”也遍挖殆尽。当地石农仍在不停地挖掘，他们将地段扩展到上坂的 山边，偶尔能挖到质差的小块田石。
以地段区分
三坂田中所产的田石略有区别，但是这种区别，不是本质上的区别，只是色泽与质地显现上的区别，就是同种田石根据质地及色泽微妙的变化可大致分出何坂段所产。
上坂田、产于上坂，以色泽略浅者为多。林文举先生云：“上坂田质偏嫩，细腻而晶透”、方宗奎先生亦云：“色淡而质灵，酷似坑头水晶冻”。也产色浓黯褐而质如鹿目类的杂田，同时也产白田和带黑皮的乌雅皮田等。
中坂田、产于中坂地段的水田中，大多色、质俱佳，曾多产色浓而质嫩的标准田黄。也产白田及乌鸦皮田。
下坂田、产下坂地段，以往给人的印象是质地凝腻，色泽黝黯，多产桐油地田或黑田，但后来也曾产过不少质地灵透的上好田黄冻，该地所产田石常含细黑点。
—碓下坂田、产碓下坂地段，质地虽灵而多硬黝，乾裂偶带青皮；黄而红褐，外层色浓至里而趋淡、萝卜纹明显、细密而稍直。多有虱卵状的小白点。另外还有一种无皮、无萝卜纹、质地嫩，裂格少质地通灵度稍逊，色泽与下坂田相同，也含有虱卵状小白点者。
溪管田、在中板溪管屋附近的溪底出土的田石，当地石农称之为“溪中冻”或“溪管田石”或“溪坂独石”，透明度极佳。专家们认为是经山洪冲荡而落入溪底的田石，田石久蕴水中，受其浸蚀，外表泛淡黄或暗赭，石质倍加莹澈。在整个寿山溪底偶能发现。
搁溜田、即流石当地人称“猴流田”、“滑溜田”。（搁溜为方言滚动之意），田石经田父耕作翻地，山洪雨水的冲刷转移 而露出地面的田石，往往一部份经阳光曝晒而退化，变的粗涩干裂，纹多偏直、偏粗。色泛绿灰，皮黄而少，肌里伴有黑砂钉与小白点。在上三坂及溪田表层及碓下 到回龙、双溪、带下的沙土表层可见，在这些田石中也可见到如染酱油式的田石，或无纹或有如丝状纹，特别细密。
九手田、产于碓下坂至善伯山脚一带的寿山溪深层砂土中。掘采艰难产量稀少，相传采掘时溪底的土石须倒九道手方能运到 地面，或曰，五人为股，一人因采石断手一只，共剩九手，故称之。该田肌理或无纹或纹细如丝，皮多稀薄，色有褐红色，也有淡黄色而泛白者。质地通灵，偶见零 星小白点与黑钉。
硬田、各坂所产肌质坚硬而粗劣的田黄，皮泛微绿，质如鹿目皮，甚至如牛旦皮，肌理或无纹，或纹路粗杂，通灵度差且含 硕砂。质地略好的类于杂田。而杂田差的也类“硬田”。无一定标准，然而以硬田制作印章者，仍不失庄重品格，当优于其它山石，兹因属田石家族，无山石火气的 “皇家”风度所致。
以色泽区分
田 黄石的色泽普遍泛黄色，无论是白田、红田、黑田、绿田、银裹金、乌鸦皮等，虽色泽各异，但骨子里均带黄味，这是田石泛称田黄的一个重要原因。田黄的各种称 谓是在产地、色泽基础上的称谓。如“上坂田”，即“上坂所产田黄”、“乌鸦皮”即“黑皮田黄”，“白田”即“泛白色的田黄”等。
橘皮红田、色如红橘皮，即橘皮黄之最浓者，色艳似红，黄中泛红。产三坂田，鲜艳通明，萝卜纹细致入化，文举说“材积不盈两”，占田石产量比例最少，极为稀罕，故材、形俱佳者被列为田石极品。
煨红田、表皮的一部份为枣红色，其它部份则泛黄，或带黑皮及黑斑，产于上、中坂田中，此为田父烧草积肥等人为原因至使土中小田黄受高热而产生变化的产物。一般质地坚硬、乾涩、无明显萝卜纹，材积极小，不为藏家所重，见有以作随形小印章者，印身刻巧色薄意，也可爱。
橘皮黄田、色近橘皮红，略泛黄色。三坂田均产，以色泽取名，或有皮，或无皮，多有细密的萝卜纹，质嫩色浓，凝灵润洁，鲜艳通明之标准田黄。邓散木《篆刻学》记载清末田黄价值时说：“其橘皮黄，四方者，两以上，价三倍黄金。”实指此石。用此田作印章可显庄重而堂皇，见帝王气象。为田黄之上品。
黄金黄田、以色泽取名，即橘子快成熟时其皮之金黄色，明快而灿烂。三坂田均产，或有皮、或无皮，萝卜纹细密而隐现，为黄中带赤的标准田黄。以此田作印章者，可显富贵而雍荣，有敌国巨派，为田黄之上品。
枇杷黄田、色黄如枇杷色者，有浓浅二色，色浓者，较之黄金黄略带赭意，似桔皮黄，色浅者稍淡，香港、厦门等地人均喜此色，三坂田均产，以色取名。或有皮、或无皮，萝卜纹细密有致，温润可爱，气度典雅之标准田黄。以此田作印章者，端庄而显书卷气，乾隆皇帝不少御书玺印即用此田制成。为田黄之上品。
桂花黄田、色如桂花，或浅枇把黄。三坂田均产，产碓下坂为多。以色相取名，较之枇杷黄田略淡而泛粉色，石皮或有、或无，萝卜纹或隐或现，色泽虽淡，仍娇艳无比，深受闺中人所爱，巾国夫人或大家闺秀多喜以之为印章，随身雅玩，庄重而清雅，据陈兴邦先生云，宋美龄的“宋氏”小玺即选桂花黄田。
鸡油黄田、如鸡腹中之块状鸡油者，三坂田均产，以色质取名，灵腻而细嫩、石皮与萝卜纹如桂花田。制为印章，有隐现富贵之感。
熟栗黄田、以色相取名，色如熟栗，三坂田均产，以制印章，庄重大雅，不失文豪气派。吴昌吉“一月安东令”印，即以此田为之。
肥皂黄田、色如黄肥皂，较之熟栗黄色淡而滞腻。三坂田均产，有时皮略厚，时有杂质，通灵度也略差，上等肥皂黄田可列为田黄中下品，差者俗称杂田，曩见旧日文人常以之为印，究其原因，价廉而不失格调故也。
糖粿黄田、以色、质取名，色泽黯褐而质如鹿目，三坂田均产，又如浙江临安之玉山山黄，多不通灵，然不失田黄韵味，多无石皮，或有少量石皮，一般无萝卜纹，时有少量杂纹，不明显。以之作印章，甚为大方，格调高于水坑山坑之石。价廉而能以别尊卑，为文人们欣羡之主要原因。
蜜蜡黄田、色如蜂蜡，三坂田均产。以色、质取名，较之鸡油黄滞结，人称之为“蜜蜡”，因产量少未见之，旧日曾见一小印，见之愕然，不知其名，主人告之为“蜜蜡印”，索观之，果为蜜蜡黄田。
蕃薯黄田、色近蕃薯，三坂田均产，以色、质取名，质燥凝，多无纹，不通灵。上等者可列为田黄中下品，差者为杂田。为印者甚多，也倍觉可爱。
白田、白色田石，以上品者，色近羊脂玉，又似坑头白水晶而泛黄、泛红。多产上、中坂田。有格，似血缕，萝卜纹细致而鲜明。差者色白而浑浊，有白皮深入肌理。此田稀有为贵，旧日以此田为印章者多高官达贵，以显纯洁、清廉，多不注目，行家见之惊然。
金裹银田、白田有黄皮者，罕见。多产上、中坂田。甚名贵。曩在山西太谷见有陈巨来为孔祥熙所制小闲章。即此为之，黄皮薄意为林清卿雕。甚雅。
黑田、黑色田石。或黑中泛赭，或黑中带灰，带灰常有黄皮肌质较其它田石粗，萝卜纹或粗而显，或细而密，产于三坂田，在铁头岭一带水田中居多。近于杂田，人们多以制不定形闲章者。
绿田、青绿色田石。肌质细腻而透明，萝卜纹细密而有条理，旧日通常将其列为黑田之中，其实比黑田质优，但极罕见。近日见在善伯山下九手田一带有出土。
乌鸦皮田、又称“蛤蟆皮田”，为田黄、白田外裹黑皮者，皮微透，略带绿灰，或青绿色，肌理多伴小黑钉，多产于下坂一带。制作印章以不定形闲章为好。
银裹金田、以外白内黄两种色组成的田石，色泽明快淡雅，质纯净而细嫩，萝卜纹细密隐约，一般材积较小，制印多作不定形之闲章。
Yellowstone 's origin and type
Time :2013 -08-02 16:05 Source : Network Author: Anonymous Views: 275 Comments: 0 Text : [ medium and small ]
For Yellowstone or known as the " Osaka ", " in Osaka ", " Sakashita " in the past, people have been unable to Shen Jie , especially foreigners , are always vague in concept , for which the author was 72 years , 87 years , three to 98 years Shoushan Tianhuang origin were studied.
Yellowstone
Origin and Present
For Yellowstone or known as the " Osaka ", " in Osaka ", " Sakashita " in the past, people have been unable to Shen Jie , especially foreigners , are always vague in concept , for which the author was 72 years , 87 years , three to 98 years Shoushan Tianhuang origin were studied. 98 In that study , under the leadership of a friend , described in detail . Alpine foothills in the south of the village and outside Shou every sector of the ocean , a minor clean Xikou outflow from this creek creek known locally as the pit head . Xikou outflow from about five or six meters from the mountains on the west side between the shed and a large segment of the river confluence , the stream is Shoushan Creek confluence . Brook , the winding , Shoushan village from abroad bypassed , and the origin of oceanic Qishan Creek intersection. Interchange, a boulder in the river , the river suddenly face a narrow , fast-flowing , it was originally set waterwheel pestle meters here , so called " pestle under ." After the meter loop dragon, Sungai , vaginal discharge and slowly into the knot door Tan Lianjiang County territory . It will be produced stone brook paddy fields into upper, middle and lower three lots, commonly known as the " Osaka ." For this " Sakamoto " word , more than outsiders understand its meaning , or think there is any secret, in fact, meant lots and locations. Will be divided into areas Tianhuang Osaka, in Osaka , in Osaka, which is the local custom title. Man people under customary principles " from the local place names " and in the book, the public of the world , became the official title Tianhuang origin . The former head of a large segment of the pit with a large section of the river above the paddy Creek intersection , called on Sakamoto , a large segment of the Ocean Creek Interchange in this section of paddy called Osaka , then to under paddy pestle called Sakashita , from pestle tan said the door down to the end pestle Sakashita . In recent years, agriculture has the habit of Shoushan stone will be in Osaka , Osaka Xiabandi collectively in the past two decades produced according Tianhuang texture and business needs, pestle Sakashita said Sakashita . Sakamoto produced each stone were called Tian Tian on the plate , the plate and the lower plate Tian Tian .
Stone on the field in terms of production , according to records , in which " the birthplace of the head from the pit to the downstream junction gate Lake, total length of about seven or eight kilometers . Centuries , in this wide or narrow creek , with a total area of not to one square kilometer of paddy fields have been producing a lot of precious gems Tianhuang . " However , that is such a small place of origin where , after hundreds of years of mining people in the Republic of China had " long-suppressed production of stone" rumors. After China's reform and opening up, Shoushan villagers as " treasure hunt" and set off two decades of mop- digging , digging in the past two decades , we can say is to put all of the Land can be dug and turned over several times heavy . Sometimes the village young and old together out day and night digging . The current situation is : In addition to lots of two acres in Osaka quarter , the ban by the local government to protect the dig , the other Tanaka even the little finger sized " Tianhuang earners" are exhausted from stone dug over with . Local farmers still kept digging stone , they will be extended to Osaka lots hillside , occasionally poor quality pieces can be dug field stone.
To distinguish the lot
Three fields produced by Tanaka Sakai stone slightly different , but this distinction is not fundamentally different , but the difference between color and texture appear on the same farm that is what the stone can be roughly separated according to the texture and color Sakamoto segment subtle changes produced .
On Sakata , produced in the Sakamoto , who was slightly lighter in color and more . Mr. Lin Wenju says: " Sakata quality on partial tender , delicate and translucent ," Mr. Fang Zongkui Yiyun: " pale and quality spirits , resembles the pit head crystal jelly ." Also produced dark brown color and the quality of concentrated deer head as miscellaneous class field , but also with the production of white and black of Wu Yapi Tin Tin .
In Sakata , Sakata lots produced in the paddy fields , mostly color, quality is superb, the color was thick and tender quality prolific standards Tianhuang . Also produced white skin Tin Tin and crows .
Under Sakata , Sakata under production lots, in the past gives the impression that the texture of condensate greasy, dark green color, dark , prolific field or tung oil to Kuroda , but later also produced a lot of texture and spirit through a superbly Tianhuang cold, the ground Tian Shi often produced with fine black spots.
- Pestle under Sakata , Sakata pestle under production lots, and multi- texture , although the spirit of hard tetrahedrite , even with dry peel ; yellow and reddish brown , thick outer layer of color to the inside and Qudan , radish pattern evident , delicate and slightly straight . More than a louse egg-shaped white spots . There is also a no skin , no carrot pattern, texture and tender, less crack grid texture psychic degrees less , the same color and the next Sakata , also contain lice ovate white spot on .
Pipe Creek field , in the house Banxi pipe unearthed near Sidi field stone, stone local farmers called " frozen brook " or " Pipe Creek Field Stone" or " river Sakamoto monolithic " excellent transparency . Experts believe that a swing and fall by flash floods washed stone Sidi Tian Tian Shi Yun-long water erosion by its appearance pan- yellow or dark ocher , stone doubly Ying Che . Throughout Shoushan Sidi even able to find .
Resting slipped fields, namely the local flow stone called " monkey flow field" , " slippery field ." And out of the ground ( scroll resting slip dialect meaning ) , farming plowing fields石经田father , torrential rain washed the transfer of field stone, often a part degraded by sunlight , Cuse becomes dry , straight lines and more biased , coarse . Pan-green color gray, yellow and less skin , muscles in the sand with black nails with white spots . In the three fields Sakamoto and river surface and pestle to return the dragon, Sungai , taken off the visible surface of the sand , stones in these fields can also be seen as a field stone dyed soy formula , or no pattern or like filamentous pattern, particularly fine .
Nine hand field, produced in primary pestle Sakashita perfection along the foot of Shoushan Creek deep in sand . Mining excavation difficult yield rare , Sidi earth and rock excavation shall pour Legend nine hands before being transported to the ground , or say , five people share , one person quarrying a broken hand , a total of nine left hand , hence the term . The field no pattern or texture or grain as fine as silk , leather and more thin , brown color has red, yellow and whitened there were . Texture psychic, occasionally sporadic black nails with white spots .
Hard fields, each produced by Sakamoto and poor muscle quality hard Tianhuang , Weaver green leather , quality leather such as deer head , even once the skin such as cattle , grain or no grain or grain dockage , poor and with a master psychic sand . Slightly better texture class in miscellaneous fields. The miscellaneous category also Tian poor "hard field ." No fixed standard, however hard field produced by the seal remains dignified character, when better than other rocks, because the case is hereby Tian Shi family , no rocks anger of the "Royal " grace period.
To distinguish color
Yellowstone color generally yellowish , whether it is white field, red field, Kuroda , green fields, silver wrapped in gold , crow leather , etc., although the color varies, but underneath all with yellow flavor, this is Tian Shi Pan said Tianhuang an important reasons. Tianhuang various appellation of origin is in the title , on the basis of color . Such as " on Sakata ," that " the Osaka produced Tianhuang ", " raven skin" or " black Tianhuang ", "white field" or " pan- white Tianhuang " and so on.
Orange red field , the color red orange peel , orange peel that is most concentrated by yellow , bright color like red, yellow and the red. Producing three Sakata , bright brightly lit , radishes into delicate lines of , Wenju say " no gain volume two ," Tin ore production accounted for the lowest percentage , is extremely rare , so the material , shape and taste were classified as field stone Need.
Simmer red field, a part of the epidermis is maroon , the other part of the yellowing , or with black and dark spots , produced in the upper, middle Sakamoto Tanaka , this is the father of burning grass fields and other man-made causes manure to make the soil Tianhuang heat generated by small changes in the product. General hard, dry , no carrot pattern, material positive small , collectors are heavy , and saw a small seal for those who are not with the shape of India skillfully carved body color thin meaning, too cute.
Orange Huangtian , near Orange color red, slightly yellowish . Three Sakata are produced to color name , or skin, with or without skin, more than a fine grain radishes , tender quality color thick , pour Yun Ling Jie, bright brightly standard tianhuang . Deng scattered wood " carving school ," records the value of the late Qing Tian Huang said: . " Its orange peel yellow , four persons , two or more, three times the price of gold" actually refers to this stone . With this Tianzuo seal can significantly solemn and stately , see emperors weather . Tianhuang the top grade .
Huang金黄田to color name , when that orange skin of its fast maturity yellow gold , bright and brilliant. Three Sakata are produced , or skin, with or without skin, fine lines and looming radishes , yellow with standard Tianhuang to deficit . This Tianzuo seal , could be significant wealth and Yung Wing , there are giant enemy faction , the top grade of Tianhuang .
Huangtian loquat , loquat yellow color as those who have concentrated shallow two -color , tinted who , compared with slightly golden yellow ocher meaning, like orange peel yellow, paler coloration by Hong Kong , Xiamen, and the per capita hi this color, three Sakata are produced to color name . Or skin, with or without skin, fine lines are caused by radish , gentle and lovely, elegant bearing standard tianhuang . Seal this Tianzuo who dignified and significant bookish , Emperor Qianlong that many Yushu Seals made with this field . Tianhuang the top grade .
Osmanthus Huangtian , the color of sweet-scented osmanthus , or pale yellow loquat . Three Sakata are produced under production pestle Sakamoto as much. Named in Hue , calling on slightly lighter than loquat and pan pink, leather or stone , or none, or hidden or radish grain , color and light , though , is still very tender and beautiful , deeply human love boudoir , State or towel lady ladylike is more hi to seal , portable play ya , dignified and elegant, according to Mr. Chen Xingbang cloud shek 's " Soong " Little Xi Huang Tian Guihua that election .
Chanterelle Huangtian , such as those massive chicken chicken fat belly , the three Sakata are produced to color quality named , tired and delicate spirit , stone skin and radish grain , such as osmanthus fields. System for the seal, there is a sense of looming Fortunate .
Cooked chestnut Huangtian to Hue name , the color of cooked chestnut , three Sakata are produced to manufacture seal, solemn Taiga, losing writer style. Wu Changji " Jan Anton order" India , that this field whom .
Huangtian soap , soap colors such as yellow , pale yellow rather than cooked chestnut stagnation greasy. Three Sakata are produced , sometimes slightly thick skin when there are impurities , psychic degree also slightly worse, could be classified as the finest soap Huang Tian Tian Huang in low-grade , poor person , commonly known as hybrid field, snapped the old scholars often refer to them as India , The reason it is also inexpensive yet style .
Sugar cake Huangtian to color, quality name , color dark brown and quality such as deer head , three Sakata are produced , and if the Yushan Mountain Lin'an yellow, more is not psychic , and then losing Tianhuang charm , no more stone skin , or a small amount of stone skin , usually without radish pattern, when a small amount of miscellaneous grain , is not obvious. As to the seal , very generous, above the puddle Shankeng style of stone. Cheap and can not hierarchy, mainly due to the envy of the literati .
Huangtian beeswax color such as beeswax, three Sakata are produced . In color, quality named , yellow chanterelles than stagnation knot, called the " beeswax ", because no less yield , the old have seen a small print , see the stunned , I do not know his name , told the owner to " beeswax India" , claims of view , calling on the fruit of beeswax .
Huangtian sweet potatoes , yams color nearly three Sakata are produced in color, quality name , quality dry condensate , no more lines , not psychic . Fine may be classified as low-grade Tianhuang the poor by miscellaneous fields. To many Indian who also become far more lovely.
Tin, Tin white stone above product by color almost white jade , deemed the pit head and yellow crystal white , red. Prolific on the Sakata . There are cells, like blood thread , radish detailed and vivid patterns . With poor white and cloudy, there are white -depth texture . This field is rare and expensive, this field to seal the old officials were more expensive up to substantially pure, honest, and many do not attract attention , experts see the scared then .
Tian Jin wrapped in silver , white and yellow fields there were rare . Prolific on the Sakata . Very expensive . Nang in Taigu saw Kung Chen to serve as a small giant free chapter system . That this whom , yellow thin meaning Lin Qingqing carving . Very elegant.
Kuroda , a black field stone. Ocher or black in the pan , or Black with gray, yellow with gray muscle mass often than other fields coarse stone , radishes and visible grain or coarse or fine and dense , produced in three Sakata , Iron Ridge area in paddy field majority. Nearly miscellaneous fields, mostly people who made amorphous busy chapter .
Green fields, green field stone. Fine and smooth muscle and transparent , fine grain carrot and methodical , old Kuroda is usually listed as being , in fact, than Kuroda quality, but extremely rare. See recent SHANBO foot nine in a field with a hand- excavated .
Crow leather Tian , also known as "toad skin field" for foreign Tianhuang , Pak Tin wrapped by black , leather microlens , slightly green, gray, or green, with black nail texture and more prolific at Osaka area. Seal to produce amorphous busy chapter as well.
Silver wrapped Kaneda , other than white yellow two -color composition of the field stone , bright color , elegant, pure and delicate quality , fine grain carrot faint , small volume general , monolithic system for the busy Indore chapter .
石脈紋
田黃石的定義