壽山石與田黃石的正名 Naming of Shoushan stone and Yellowstone

壽山石的名稱據說是因原始產地福建省福州市壽山鄉而得名。

壽山石在化學分析下，有高嶺石、葉臘石、地開石...等許多不同的礦物組合礦石，有時又會含有不同含量的雲母、珍珠陶石而出現美麗的外觀。

石脈紋

在寶石學的研究，壽山石是屬於集合結晶體類的多晶質的一種，在寶石顯微鏡下，用光纖燈晃動照明觀察，有部份的壽山石會具有其特定的石脈紋，因為極似蘿蔔的絲狀紋路，有人就稱為蘿蔔絲，但並非所有的壽山石都具有此種紋路。

顏色

壽山石既然是屬於集合結晶體類，其顏色的變化程度，就端視其含有的結晶與致色元素，而出現多樣的變化，一般壽山石的顏色有，白色、灰色、黃色、紅色與黑色，大部份在玩石收藏市場上的壽山石顏色，是由淡黃色到較深的褐黃色，一般在金黃色與鮮紅的色調，是被認定為較受到大眾的喜愛，其市場價格也相對較高。

透明度

除了顏色以外，比較特殊的是壽山石的透明度變

化，許多壽山石在地層下成長蘊變時，因為本質的化學成分不同，以及接受的溫度、壓力與溼度不同，同一塊出土的壽山石，在不同的位置，經常會出現不同的透明程度，一般而言，透明度愈高，達到一定透光的程度，就會被稱為凍，這就會大大提升該壽山石的品質。

田黃石的定義

田黃石則是屬於壽山石的種類之ㄧ，市場上對田黃石的定義繁多，有紅色的紅田石、有黑色的黑田石，也有人定義田黃石必須具有一定的蘿蔔絲紋路...等，各路學說均有。

在寶石學所定義的田黃石，就是要先確認壽山石的身分，在確認其顏色的金黃色調程度、在光纖燈照射下，透明度為透光至半透明的程度時，就會在鑑定證書上以田黃石的種類開具，至於有沒有蘿蔔絲，則不會被包涵在定義的考量範圍中。

田黃石的產量不多，外觀美麗無比，加上高級的雕刻藝術，在市場上的價值不斐。

造假的壽山石與人工處理的方法

壽山石的硬度不高，一般石英類或鐵器就能輕易刮蝕，早期許多雕刻藝術師非常喜好用壽山石來雕刻成品，成為美麗的擺飾石種 ，而且每一塊出土的壽山石，顏色分佈與透明度都不一樣，塊塊都具有獨一性，非常作為送禮或收藏的物件。而且中國的許多傳統印章石材， 也是使用壽山石。

在雕刻壽山石時，經常因部份石材的完整性不夠，許多人使用強化的樹旨來黏補，由於科技的進步，現今的填補技術，很難由肉眼就能觀察出來。許多時候，由專業的師傅在填補處施以花紋工藝，或加以著色處理，就 成為一塊美麗的擺飾石。

但經過人工填補或著色的壽山石，時間一久就會呈現腿色或裂紋的現象， 尤其在擺設位置，經年累月用強光照射，更是加速樹旨亀裂的主要殺手，所以在選購壽山石或田黃石，對於這點要特別注意。

 

Shoushan Stone's name Shoushan stone is said to be due to the original name, Fuzhou, Fujian origin Shou Shan named.

 Shoushan stone in chemical analysis, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, dickite ... and so many different combinations of mineral ores, and sometimes will contain different amounts of mica, pearl stone and pottery appear beautiful outward appearance. Veined stone

 In the study of gemology, Shoushan stone is part of polycrystalline a collection of crystal class under gem microscope, with fiber optic lights shaking lighting observations, some of Shoushan stone will have its specific stone veins, because mimicking radish filamentous lines, someone called radish, but not all of the Shoushan stone has such lines. Color

 Shoushan stone since it is part of a collection of crystal class, the extent of the color change, it depends which contains crystals and coloring element, the emergence of a variety of changes, general Shoushan stone colors, white, gray, yellow, red and black, most copies on playing rock collection market Shoushan stone color is from light yellow to deep brown-yellow, usually with red golden hue, is identified as representing adored by the masses, its market price is relatively high. Transparency

 In addition to color, transparency rather special variant Shoushan Stone

 Of many of Shoushan stone at formation growth Yun varying because of different chemical composition nature and acceptance of temperature, pressure and humidity is different, the same piece of unearthed Shoushan stone, in different locations, often appear different level of transparency, general and words, higher transparency, to a certain extent transparent, it will be called frozen, which will greatly enhance the quality of the Shoushan stone. The definition of Yellowstone

 Yellowstone is part of ㄧ types of Shoushan stone, the definition of the market for many Yellowstone, red field with a red stone, with black stone Kuroda, it was also defined Yellowstone radish must have some lines ... and so on, and the brightest doctrines are.

 In Yellowstone defined gemology, Shoushan stone is the first to confirm the identity, in confirming the extent of the golden hue of its color, in fiber optic light irradiation, transparency transparent to translucent extent, it will on the certificate of authenticity to Yellowstone species issue, as there is no radish, it will not be a consideration in the definition of bear range.

 Yellowstone yield much, very beautiful appearance, coupled with advanced sculpture, valued in the market is not Fiji. Shoushan stone and artificial method of handling fraud

 Hardness Shoushan stone is not high, usually quartz class or iron can easily scrape eclipse, many early sculpture art teacher is very like to use Shoushan stone to carve the finished product, to become beautiful ornaments stone types, and each piece unearthed Shoushan stone, color distribution and transparency are not the same, departments and regions have unique properties, as a gift or a collection of very object. And many of the traditional Chinese seal stone, but also the use of Shoushan stone.

 Shoushan stone carving at the time, often because of the integrity of the part of the stone is not enough, many people use the tree aims to strengthen the sticky patch, due to advances in technology, today's filling technology, it can be observed by the naked eye is difficult. In many cases, imposed by a professional chef at the pattern in filling process, or be coloring treatment, it becomes a beautiful decoration stone.

 But after artificial fill or colored Shoushan Stone, a long time will be showing color phenomenon leg or cracks, especially in the display position, long years with a bright light, but also accelerate the major killer of trees aimed tortoise crack, so in the purchase of Shoushan stone or Yellowstone, Pay particular attention to this point. ...

田黄石的收藏与鉴定 Collection and identification of Yellowstone

田黄石的收藏与鉴定

                  

　　田黄是石中之王，自问世以来一直受到达官贵人、富商巨贾的追捧，而“黄金易得，田黄难求”，“一两田黄三两金”等民间说法也使田黄的尊贵地位得到凸显，甚至让田黄蒙上了一层神秘色彩。如今优质田黄早已以克论价，而一些料好、雕工出色的名家名作更是可遇而不可求了。
　　所谓田黄，即寿山石中的特殊品种，因产于福建寿山村坑头溪两岸水田及河流底部的沙砾层中而得名。其质地细腻、温润，手摸有滑感，并常有石皮、红格、罗卜纹等标志。田黄作为我国特有的“软宝石”之一，在全世界范围内只有我国福建寿山一块不到1平方公里的田中出产，因此产量极其有限。需要注意的是，并非任何田黄都具有很高的收藏价值。田黄的质地优劣悬殊，价值高低差异极大，不能一概而论。多数用于收藏与投资的田黄也仅是其中少部分特征明显、各方面俱佳而无可挑剔的上品。因此，如何品鉴上品田黄石材或田黄印章就成为田黄初学者必须掌握的要领。田黄的鉴定标准上好的田黄首先颜色要正，所以田黄的“黄”就要求黄得如同金子般灿烂。上品的田黄还要通透、纯净、细腻，纹理要美。同时作为硬石的代表石材，田黄出土时均为椭圆形，所以上品的田黄应该饱满、浑圆、比例协调。当前的收藏界在辨别田黄上有三大标准，即“有萝卜丝纹、红筋、石皮”。值得注意的是，由于田黄石的品种、样貌多样，如果仅用这几个标准来衡量，难免会以偏概全。因此在鉴定田黄时，除了要观察以下一些常见特征，还要综合考虑质地、色泽等其他因素。
　　1.石形
　　田黄的母石为山料，呈棱角状，经过重力与水流的搬运及磨蚀作用，其棱角逐渐圆化，形成形态多样、大小不一的卵石(独石)，呈次棱角状或次圆状。如果发现棱角尖锐或浑圆光滑的“田黄”就值得怀疑，可能为掘性石或山料磨制而成，但如果在加工过程中破坏了其原形就难以识别了。田黄一般为几十克至几百克，超过千克的非常罕见，几公斤的田黄应值得警惕。
　　2.石皮
　　田黄长期埋藏在水田中，经风化作用，其外表通常会形成不同特征的皮层。根据皮层的厚薄，可分为厚皮(>1mm)、薄皮(<1mm)和稀皮(细雾状)；皮层有单层皮与多层皮。田黄的皮色主要有黄色、黑色与白色。黑色皮俗称“乌鸦皮”；皮为白色而石色为黄色，称为“银包金”；皮为黄色而石色为白色，称为“金包银”。田黄的不同皮色可能与不同颜色的土质有关，即黄色的土壤形成黄色皮，黑色的土壤形成黑色皮。由于田黄普遍发育石皮，有“无皮不成田”之说，故石皮成为鉴定田黄的重要特征之一。
　　3.萝卜丝纹
　　采用透射光观察田黄的内部，其普遍发育似“萝卜丝纹”纹理，是非常重要的鉴定特征。田黄内部的“萝卜丝纹”多种多样，发育程度不同，按粗细可分为条带状、条纹状与细丝状；按形态可分为直线形、网状形与不规则形；按颜色可分为白色、黄色与棕色；按透明度可分为半透明与微透明。田黄基本上都具有“萝卜丝纹”，“无纹不成田”的说法成立，但不能绝对化。
　　4.红格(或红筋)
　　田黄的“格”或“筋”实际上是一种裂隙，这些裂隙在地表条件下，特别是水田里，普遍受到Fe2O3溶液的渗入与沉淀，被染成黄红色，故称为红格或红筋。但也有少数没有颜色，为白色裂隙，则称为无色格。田黄有红格(或红筋)的现象较普遍，也有“无格不成田”之说。
　　造假方法与真伪鉴别随着艺术品市场的升温和田黄价格的逐年提升，市场上出现了大量的田黄仿制品，种类之多、数量之大，严重影响了人们对于收藏的信心。田黄的造假方式越来越多，如何使其现出“原形”成为考验收藏者眼力的难题。
　　1.冒充法
　　该方法由来已久，主要用产于寿山一带的其他石种冒充田黄。这些石种的外观类似田黄，但其本身具有一些独特的特点，如鹿目格无“萝卜丝纹”而有“鸽眼砂”，溪蛋无“萝卜丝纹”和红格，牛蛋黄无“萝卜丝纹”且密度大。
　　2.拼接法
　　拼接法指将许多小块田黄(小于30g)拼接为大块田黄，并在拼接处以工艺手段掩盖其痕迹。这种拼接田黄的鉴别方法是：(1)寻找接合缝。接合缝一般用胶黏合，放大观察可看到胶的存在，或用热针试之会冒白烟；(2)内部的格纹特征。在强透射光下，可发现其内部的不同部分，红格和“萝卜丝纹”的形态不同，粗细与色调相差很大，还有突然断开、不连续等现象。
　　3.塑料仿制法
　　此法主要是用半透明的浅黄色塑料冒充田黄，其鉴别方法为：(1)外貌特征。颜色与质地较均匀，内外一致，无石皮；(2)内部特征。在强照射光下内部干净、均一，无红格、“萝卜丝纹”和杂质；(3)触感法。将其贴于面部有温感，天然田黄则为凉感；(4)手掂法。因塑料的密度远低于田黄，手掂轻；(5)刀刮法。用刀刮之，呈片状，而田黄则呈粉未状：(6)热针试验。用热针触之，冒白烟，散发塑料味。
　　4.山石仿制法

　　山石仿制法指利用各种蚀变型黏土类岩石依照田黄的颜色、石形、石皮等特征进行仿制。目前，这类田黄仿制品在市场上数量最大，由于其外观与田黄十分相似，其欺骗性也最大，使不少人上当受骗，鉴别时需结合仪器与感官分析。鉴别方法为：(1)测量石质。运用红外光谱仪等仪器对石质进行测试，以确定其主要矿物组成以及样品的密度。(2)观察石形。山石仿造的田黄砾石形态通常为单调的浑圆状，表面光溜，缺少天然田黄表面的大小不规则状凹坑与沟槽。(3)观察石皮。仿制的石皮质地较干涩，皮色较鲜艳、均一，不自然；而天然石皮质地较细滑，色泽较柔和，颜色不十分均匀，非常自然。(4)观察石色。经染色处理的田黄仿制品总体上颜色较均一，有些过于鲜艳，有些过于色浓，不够柔和




Collection and identification of Yellowstone
   
 
 
Tianhuang is the king of rock, since its inception has been dignitaries, wealthy businessmen sought after, and "easy to get gold, Tianhuang hard to find," "one or two tianhuang couple of gold" and other folk saying also distinguished Tianhuang status has been highlighted, and even Tianhuang cast a mystery. Today, high-quality grams Lunjia Tianhuang long, and some good material, excellent workmanship and famous masterpieces is scarce it.
The so-called Tianhuang that Shoushan stone in special varieties, as produced in Fujian Shou gravel pit village head strait Paddy Creek and named after the river bottom. Its fine texture, moist, slippery hand touch feeling, and often stone skin, red cells, carrots lines and other signs. Tianhuang as one of the "soft gem" of a unique, worldwide only a piece of China's Fujian Shoushan Tanaka produced less than one square kilometer, so production is extremely limited. It should be noted that not any Tianhuang have a high collection value. Tianhuang texture merits of the poor, high and low values ​​vary greatly and can not be generalized. Tianhuang mostly for collection and investment also is one of only a small number of distinctive characteristics, all aspects of impeccable taste and top grade. So how Tianhuang tasting top grade stone or tianhuang seal became tianhuang beginners must master the essentials. The identification of good standard Tianhuang Tianhuang first color to be positive, so Tianhuang "yellow" requires Huang as bright as gold. Top grade Tianhuang also transparent, pure, delicate texture to the United States. At the same stone as the Hard Rock's behalf, are unearthed when Tianhuang oval, so the top grade Tianhuang should be plump, rounded, the proportion of coordination. The current collectors in identifying three criteria Tianhuang there, that "there is Luobosiwen, red bars, stone skin." It is worth noting that, due to the variety Yellowstone, diverse faces, if only these standards, they will be generalized. Therefore, when the identification Tianhuang, in addition to observe the following are some common characteristics, but also considering other factors, texture, color and so on.
1 stone shape
Tianhuang mother stone mountain material, was angular, after handling and abrasive action of gravity and flow, its rounded edges and gradually form varied shapes and sizes of pebbles (monolith), was sub-angular or sub-round shape. If it is found sharp or rounded edges and smooth "Tianhuang" is questionable, excavation of rock or may grinding material from the mountain, its original shape if the damage in the process would be difficult to identify it. Tianhuang usually tens of grams to hundreds of grams, more than one thousand grams of very rare, a few kilograms of Tianhuang should be vigilant.
2 stone skin
Tianhuang long buried in the paddy fields, through weathering, its appearance is usually characterized by the formation of different cortical. According to the thickness of the cortex can be divided into thick (> 1mm), thin (<1mm) and dilute skin (fine mist); cortex single and multi-skin leather. Tianhuang skin color are mainly yellow, black and white. Black leather commonly known as "crow skin"; skin color is white and yellow stone, called "wallets gold"; skin color is yellow and white stone, known as the "Gold Package Silver." Tianhuang different skin color and different colors may be related to soil, yellow soil that formed yellow skin, black leather black soil formation. Due to widespread development Tianhuang stone skin, there is "no skin is not a field," said the stone skin and therefore become an important characterization Tianhuang.
3 Luobosiwen
Identification by transmission characteristics of the light is very important to observe the internal Tianhuang, the general development like "Luobosiwen" texture is. Tianhuang internal "Luobosiwen" variety, different levels of development, can be divided by the thickness of the strip, stripes and filamentous; press can be divided into linear form, mesh-shaped and irregular in shape; Press Color can be divided into white, yellow and brown; press and transparency can be divided into semi-micro and transparent. Tianhuang basically have a "Luobosiwen", "no pattern fails field," saying the establishment, but not absolute.
4 red cell (or red bars)
Tianhuang "grid" or "bar" is actually a fissure, these cracks in the surface conditions, especially paddy fields, generally subject to infiltration and precipitation Fe2O3 solution was dyed red and yellow, it is known as red cells or red bars. But there are a few no color, white fissures, then known as colorless grid. Tianhuang red cells (or red bars) phenomenon more common, there are "no grid is not a field," said.
Fraud methods and the authenticity of identification with the art market increased year by year warming and Tianhuang prices, appeared on the market a lot of Tianhuang imitation, many species, the number of large, serious impact on people's confidence in the collection. Tianhuang false way more and more, how it emerged, "prototype" has become a test of collectors eyesight problems.
1. Posing Act
The time-honored method, mainly produced in other stone posing tianhuang Shoushan area. These stone kind of looks like Tianhuang, but it itself has some unique features, such as deer mesh grid without "Luobosiwen" and the "pigeon eye sand" Creek egg-free "Luobosiwen" and red cells, cow egg yolk No "Luobosiwen" and the density.
2 splicing
Splicing method refers to the many small tianhuang (less than 30g) for bulk Tianhuang stitching and stitching impose technical means to conceal their traces. This method of identifying splice Tianhuang are: (1) Find the joint seam. Adhesive bonding glue joints generally, the presence of gum magnified observation can be seen, or to be white smoke test of the hot needle; (2) Check the internal features. In strong transmitted light, can be found in different parts of its internal, red cell and "Luobosiwen" form different thickness and tone vary greatly, there suddenly disconnected, discontinuous phenomenon.
3 plastic imitation Act
This method is mainly used pale yellow translucent plastic posing Tianhuang, its identification methods are: (1) physical characteristics. Color and texture more uniform, consistent and outside, no stone skin; (2) internal features. In strong light irradiation inside a clean, uniform, no red cells, "Luobosiwen" and impurities; (3) touch method. Be affixed to the face with warm feeling, a sense of natural Tianhuang was cool; (4) Hand weigh method. Due to much lower than the density of plastic Tianhuang hand weigh light; (5) Knife Act. Daogua of use, flaky, and then was powdered Tianhuang: (6) hot needle test. Touch with hot needle, white smoke, distribute plastic taste.
4 rocks generic method
Generic means using a variety of rocks Act clay alteration type rocks accordance Tianhuang colors, stone shape, stone imitation leather and other features. At present, such Tianhuang imitations on the market the largest number, because of its appearance and Tianhuang very similar, is also the largest of its deceptive, so many people deceived, to be combined with the differential instrumentation and sensory analysis. Identification method: (a) measuring the stone. Using an infrared spectrometer instrument on the stone tested to determine its main mineral composition and density of the sample. (2) observe the stone shape. Tianhuang gravel rocks form of imitation is usually monotonous round shape, surface Guangliu lack of size natural Tianhuang irregular surface pits and trenches. (3) observe the stone skin. Imitation stone cortex than, dryness, skin color more vivid, uniform and unnatural; rather than the natural stone to smooth leather, softer color, color is not very uniform, very natural. (4) observation of stone colors. Tianhuang dyed imitation processed more uniform overall color, a little too bright, a little too tinted, not soft

真假雞血石鑑定 How to identify the authenticity of Blood stone (Part 2)

真假雞血石鑑定
雞血石的仿製和處理工藝日漸復雜，在外觀上和常規測試數據幾乎與天然雞血石一樣，給鑑定帶來了一定的難度。寶石顯微鏡是鑑定市場上仿雞血石和染色處理雞血石最有效鑑定的手段之一，通過放大觀察可以看到天然雞血石的“血”在形態和分佈特點是人工手段難以模仿的，紅外光譜儀在使用時需要有效結合顯微鏡來選取合適的測試部位。
雞血石是珠寶市場上深受石友們爭相收藏的藏品，雞血石、田黃石與青田燈光凍石被譽為“印石三寶”。近年來受產量和需求的影響，市場上雞血石價格日增不衰。相應而來的還有各種雞血石仿製品（處理雞血石）的產生，市場上仿製和優化處理工藝主要有“刷漆”（又稱塗抹法）、粘補法、再造法等。
肉眼觀察特徵 “血”整體為分佈厚度均勻的層狀，且兩層 “血”層近平行分佈，在凹坑處層狀分佈於凹坑處的平面。“血”在平面分佈上呈明顯的流動狀。樣品整體為一塊狀隨形雕件，但底部已鋸開成平面，從底部可以看到明顯的浸染狀外觀，類似於浸蠟處理後造成的外觀。
顯微鏡下特徵 “血”部位可見明顯反光，局部呈金剛光澤，外形呈團塊狀分佈且無立體感。另外，在白色基質部位明顯可見單獨分佈的粗粒狀辰砂顆粒。用銅針在樣品隱蔽處刺探，雞血石表面“凍”地偏軟，如蠟感，而刺探“血”處，蠟感也比較明顯，沒有在真雞血石的“血”處刺探時的顆粒感。
作工藝　通過以上特徵，基本可以斷定該“雞血石”的製作工藝：在不含或含少量“血”的地開石材料上通過人工工藝打磨出磨圓外形及各種凹坑，以便在外觀上更像天然的“原石”；在製作好的“原石”上分兩道工序塗覆“血”到“原石”上，首先把粉碎的辰砂顆粒和蠟質的有機物塗敷在表面，隨後將“原石”放入石英和蠟質混合物中，結果導致該“原石”整體罩上了閉合的外殼，所以最初在觀察時，由於第一層“血”分佈於整體的基底中，而找不到明顯塗覆的痕跡。其次，在塗過“殼”的原石表面再塗敷一層與里層相似的“血”，與第一層“血”相比，該步驟“血”塗覆的比較隨意，不仔細觀察會給人以一種自然之感。

True and false identification Bloodstone Chicken blood stone generic and increasingly complex treatment process, in appearance and routine test data almost as natural soapstone, to bring a certain degree of difficulty to identify. Gem microscope is one of the most effective means to identify fake identification Bloodstone Bloodstone and dyed on the market, can be seen by observing the natural amplification Bloodstone "blood" in the morphology and distribution of artificial means is difficult to imitate, infrared spectroscopy requires the use of effective integration of the microscope to select suitable test site. Soapstone is a collection of popular rock faithful eager to collect on the jewelry market, soapstone, Yellowstone and Qingtian stone cold light known as "Indian stone treasures." In recent years affected the yield and demand, the market price of soapstone growing briskly. There comes a corresponding variety of soapstone imitation (handle soapstone) produce, and market generic optimization process are "painting" (also known as the smear method), sticky complement, recycling method.
 Naked eye feature "blood" as a whole is distributed uniformly thick layered, and two "blood" layer nearly parallel distributed, layered distribution in the pits at the pits at the plane. "Blood" in the plane of the flow distribution was significantly shaped. Sample as a whole with the shape of a massive carved pieces, but the bottom has been sawn into a plane, you can see clearly from the bottom of the dip-like appearance, similar to the appearance of the dip caused by wax treatment.
 Under the microscope features "blood" part can be seen clearly reflective, local was adamantine luster, shape lumps and no three-dimensional distribution. Further, in the white part of the matrix particles visible cinnabar separate coarse granular distribution. In samples with copper needles shelter spying, soapstone surface "freeze" to soft, feel like wax, and spying "blood" of the wax is also more obvious sense, grainy Bloodstone's not true "blood" at the time of spying. Through the above process for the features, which can be concluded that the "Bloodstone" production process: in free or low "blood" to the open process through artificial stone material grinding out a rounded shape and a variety of pits, so the appearance of more Like natural "rough"; points in the production of a good "rough" two coating processes "blood" to the "rough", first pulverized cinnabar particles and organic matter waxy coating on the surface, followed by the "original stone "into the quartz and wax mixture, resulting in the" rough "the whole cast a closed shell, so that when the initial observation, the first layer of" blood "distributed in the whole of the substrate, while no obvious smear follow signs. Next, the coated rough "shell" in the surface and then coated with a layer similar to the "blood", as compared with the first layer of "blood", this step is the "blood" relatively free coated, careful observation will not people with a sense of nature.


 

如何鉴定辨别鸡血石？How to identify the authenticity of Blood stone

如何鉴定辨别鸡血石？

鸡血石为红宝石品种之一，因玉石中带有鲜红斑纹像鸡血所凝结的辰砂因而得名。它的主要产地在东南亚紧邻中国的缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、锡兰等国，以及我国西藏、浙江昌化等地区。鸡血石的显明特征是红色鲜艳、纯清、糯柔，光艳耀眼。
鸡血石一般都是作为印章材料出现于市场的，天然的鸡血石，色泽鲜红欲滴，状若鸡血滴在石上，其艳无比。我国著名书法家、篆刻家邓散木先生在所著的《篆刻学》书中指出“鸡血石其品之高下，则在地在血。”其色以“鲜、凝、厚”为佳，所谓“鲜”即指红如淋漓的鲜血，次之则嫣红、深红、紫红等色；“凝”指鸡血凝聚不散，“厚”指鸡血有一定厚度、有层次地深透于石层之中的感觉。鸡血石有老坑新坑以及老坑新作之分，老坑质细且糯柔，血鲜而沉浑，地子有藕粉冻、黄冻、乌冻、蜜糕冻等。老坑中著名品种有白、红、黑三色结合而成的，俗称“刘关张”（即刘“白”关“红”张“黑”）更是稀世之宝。

如何来辨别鸡血石的真伪品，以笔者之见有如下几点可供参考：
1、可将样品用烛火、电炉或酒精灯之类烘热，真品的红色变为浅棕色或紫色，当及时停止加温后，随着温度的降低，其颜色又逐渐由浅棕色或紫色变成红色，赝品就无此种现象，而会出现烧焦的情况；
2、可用汽油或香蕉水擦拭石的表面，真品不会掉色，而赝品会显得掉色或被溶解变色；
3、用少量王水（即浓硝酸和浓盐酸混合而成的腐蚀剂）滴在石的红色处，真品不久会起泡，并产生易擦掉的薄膜，赝品则无此现象。

Blood stone is one of the varieties of ruby , red markings as a result of the condensation of chicken with cinnabar jade hence the name . It is mainly grown in Southeast Asia, next to China, Myanmar, Thailand , Cambodia , Ceylon and other countries, as well as China's Tibet , Zhejiang Changhua other regions. Bloodstone is obvious characteristic bright red , pure clear, waxy soft, guangyan dazzling.
Blood stone is generally seen in the market as a seal material , natural soapstone , the color red and dripping , Zhuangruo chicken drops of blood on the stone , its brilliant incomparable. A famous calligrapher , and seal Mr. Deng Sanmu that " compete with its products of Bloodstone , then in the blood ." In the book " carving school ," the book its color to "fresh , condensate , thick" better, so-called " fresh "refers to red as the blood dripping , followed by the bright red , dark red, purple and other colors ; " condensate "means chicken cohesion lingers , " thick "means chicken has a certain thickness , level ground deep penetration in the rock layer the feeling. Soapstone has a new pit crater and crater new work points, thin and soft waxy substance crater , fresh blood and Shen muddy , frozen earth son of a lotus root starch , frozen yellow , black jelly, honey cakes and other frozen . Crater famous varieties of white , red and black color combination of the three , commonly known as " Liu Guan " ( ie Liu "white " off "red " Zhang "black" ) is a rare treasure .

How to identify the authenticity of Blood stone products

1, samples can be used candles, electric or kerosene lamp like reheat, genuine red to light brown or purple, when the heating is stopped in time, as the temperature decreases, the color gradually changed from a light brown or purple red, no fakes on this phenomenon, and the situation will be burnt;

2, can be used to clean gasoline or banana water stone surface, genuine will not fade, but fade or dissolve fakes appear discolored;

3, with a small amount of aqua regia (ie mixing concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid from the corrosive) drops in the red at the stone, will soon be sparkling genuine and produce easy to wipe the film, fake does not have this phenomenon.

Bloodstone proper conservation methods (雞血石正確的養護方法)

Bloodstone proper conservation methods

Purple House News : Bloodstone is called the world 's most expensive stones,
The need for maintenance is very attention , and soapstone correct
Maintenance methods are as follows:

First, Bloodstone
Avoid exposure to sunlight or bright light for a prolonged period . Because
Bloodstone Bloody cinnabar formed in sunlight exposure and high-temperature loop
Habitat will darken , lighten .
Second, waxing and maintenance
Waxing can be isolated stone and air to prevent air on stone
Mass erosion. The easiest method is to use wax hair dryer first
Soapstone blowing hot , wait until the wax melts can draw up on more than a
, All around the Bloodstone coated with wax ( candle with white lines ) , etc.
Sassafras to cool down with a soft cotton cloth or a soft light towel .
This also increases the brightness of soapstone , making it more beautiful.
As with electric heating , use smooth metal shelves , to keep turning
Move, so that heat evenly ; still control the temperature , the wax draw up
You can quickly draw from waxing it.

Third, oil maintenance
Oil maintenance is the most convenient and practical , and it will look Bloodstone
It is more beautiful, more vivid color . White tea oil can be used , like
Pendant can be on the point of baby skin care oil, does not affect the wear.

Out

雞血石正確的養護方法

紫砂之家訊：雞血石被稱之為世間最貴的石頭，
對於保養是需要非常注意的，而雞血石正確的
保養方法有如下：

一、 雞血石  
切忌在陽光下曝曬，或長期置於強光下。因為
形成雞血石血色的辰砂在陽光的曝曬和高溫環
境中會變暗、變淡。 
二、 上蠟保養
上蠟可使石質與空氣隔離開，可防止空氣對石
質的侵蝕。最簡單的上蠟方法是用電吹風先把
雞血石吹熱，等到蠟劃上去就融化就可以上了
，將雞血石四周都塗上蠟(用白蠟燭也行)，等
到冷卻後再用軟棉布或軟毛巾檫亮。
這樣還可增加雞血石的光亮度，使之更加美麗。
如用電爐加熱，要用光潔的鐵皮架子，要不斷翻
動，使之受熱均勻；還要控制好溫度，蠟劃上去
能迅速劃離就可以上蠟了。

三、 上油保養
上油保養是最方便實用的了，而且會使雞血石看
起來更加亮麗、血色更鮮豔。油可用白茶油，象
掛件類可上點嬰兒護膚油，不會影響佩帶。
出

雞血石之十三 (Chicken blood stone example 13)

寶石 雞血石

雞血石呈緻密塊狀，灰白色，淺黃帶綠色底，局部夾雜雞血紅色，
有臘狀光澤，並且有滑感，呈微透明，礦物組成以迪開石為主，
其次為高嶺石及少量辰砂、絹雲母、石英等。但未見葉臘石。

血石（Bloodstone）其實該被視為綠玉髓的一種，主產於印度，
深綠色的外表上具有因氧化鐵而形成的紅色斑點，
此紅色血斑曾被認為代表耶穌的怪血，而將其是為怪石

  

雞血石被普遍認為是一種擁有很好的清潔血液及強大治療效果的水晶。
它能夠加強體能，幫助身體淨肝，腎，膀胱血液中的毒素，
並促進人們在物理及心理上的健康（例如安定身心）。
雞血石還能鼓勵持有者的信念，幫助實現目標及強化精神力量以便克服障礙。

Bloodstone Gem

Bloodstone dense block, gray, pale yellow with green bottom, local mixed with blood red,
There are wax-like luster, and there is slip, was slightly transparent, mineral composition dominated by dickite,
Followed by kaolinite and minor cinnabar, sericite, quartz. But no pyrophyllite.

Blood Stone (Bloodstone) fact that is considered a green chalcedony, mainly produced in India,
Has a dark green appearance due to the formation of iron oxide red spots,
This was considered to be representative of the red blood stains strange blood of Jesus, and it is for the rocks
 
Soapstone is generally considered to be a good clean blood and has a strong therapeutic effect of the crystal.
It can enhance physical fitness, help the body to clean the liver, kidney, bladder toxins in the blood,
And to promote people in the physical and psychological health (eg mental stability).
Soapstone also encourage holders of faith, to help achieve objectives and strengthen spiritual strength to overcome obstacles. 

雞血石之十二 (Chicken blood stone example 12)

昌化鸡血石收藏已经有2000多年的历史，近几年来，随着收藏热和需求量的增加，鸡血石的价格更是水涨船高，成为拍卖市场上的宠儿。2007年，一件著名雕刻大师牛克思雕琢的"昌化鸡血石雕楼阁山子"在北京翰海秋拍中以1344万元成交；2011年西泠春拍，一件血色艳红的巴林鸡血石摆件以1207.5万元成交。

        不过今年以来，中低端鸡血石市场出现了量价齐跌的现象。对此，鸡血石藏家杨华说："有人说鸡血石3年涨了10倍，其实这种说法有炒作之嫌，只有大红袍鸡血石这样的稀有品种出现了大幅的增值，那些普通鸡血石的市场价格没有出现暴涨的情形，而是比较平缓的增长。”

        今年以来，艺术品市场整体不景气，除了个别精品之外，大部分鸡血石的价格都有所下跌。对比去年底到今年初期的高价，鸡血石的跌幅已经超过了30%，且交易量也有所下滑。特别是品相好的精品鸡血石都在藏家手里，市场低迷的时候，他们大都以观望为主，不会轻易出手。

        其实这几年，精品鸡血石的数量和质量都大不如从前，但是另一方面价格却居高不下，这也是不合理的。如今对那些想买高端鸡血石印章的普通藏家来说，可能有点儿晚了。资源匮乏价格飞涨，各种鸡血石作伪也应运而生，市场中充斥着各种假石头。比较常见的造假手法包括镶嵌染色、浸渍、贴皮法等。

镶嵌染色是指选用比较好的昌化鸡血石印章，在其表面挖出一些深深浅浅的小坑，然后用红色的硫化汞嵌入上色，再经过自然阴干后，打磨上蜡。不过这种经过镶嵌染色的鸡血石色泽生硬，没有层次感，比较容易辨识。

        也有直接将没有血色的昌化石，涂抹硫化汞后阴干再涂红色颜料，再阴干，然后放在树脂里浸渍。直接涂抹红色颜料的造假，其血色比较有层次感，但容易老化，表皮易泛黄。在产地，一些边角料、废弃料也充当上好的鸡血石，有的以假石料染上工业颜料冒充鸡血石，还有将粉碎的石粉添加工业染料再塑进行造假的。

        另一种能够以假乱真的作伪树脂合成法，使用矿物岩粉、胶、树脂和红色颜料，人工制成鸡血石纹路，经过高温、高压、打磨、抛光之后，逼真的鸡血石印章就做成了。这种合成鸡血石与真料相似，即便是有经验的藏家也难辨别真伪。当然也并非完全无法辨别，其化学成分特殊，燃烧的时候会有味道，会变色。

        真石贴皮法：造假者把真鸡血石的6面，切割出很薄的6片来包在普通石头上，把胶合处线角磨光。这种假鸡血石，血色自然，纹理分布有天然鸡血石的特性，非常难辨别。在鉴别时仔细观察四条接口看纹路是否能够衔接上。为了利益最大化，造假者往往是一块石头使用一个切割面，而诱人的血色也只能停留在一个平面上。

         拼接造假法大多出现在大型鸡血石雕件上。大型鸡血石原料很难一见，再加上精美的雕工，所以价格比较昂贵，造假者将鸡血石的血色部分镶注在大石头中，做成大型鸡血石摆件欺骗藏家。辨别大型鸡血石摆件时可以观察其纹路走向是否自然合理。

        投资收藏鸡血石首先要看血色，其次是质地。昌化鸡血石以血色浓郁而著称。红色越集中越有收藏价值，血色的面积要大，鲜艳欲滴。现在一方拇指大小、血色占石面面积40%的鸡血石印章，市场行情就在万元左右。其次要看质地，石质要洁净少杂质，手感细润，从质地上来看，羊脂冻最为珍贵，乌冻其次。

 

Chicken blood stone collection has 2,000 years of history, in recent years, with the collection of heat and increased demand, the price is rising Soapstone has become the darling of the auction market. In 2007, a famous sculptor carved cow Marx "Bloodstone pavilion mountain carving child" autumn auction in Beijing Hanhai to 13.44 million yuan turnover; 2011 Xiling spring auction, a bloody red ornaments to 1207.5 Bahrain Soapstonemillion deal. 
        But this year, the low-end market in the Bloodstone volume and price down phenomenon. In this regard, Yang Hua, Bloodstone collectors, said: "Some people say Bloodstone three years up 10 times, in fact, there is speculation that this argument is suspected, only Dahongpao Bloodstone this rare species has shown a substantial appreciation in the market price of those of ordinary Bloodstone No case of spikes, but relatively flat growth. " 
        This year, the overall downturn in the art market, in addition to individual boutique, most Bloodstone prices have dropped. Early this year compared to last year's high prices, Bloodstone decline has exceeded 30%, and the trading volume has declined.Especially good friend of the boutique soapstone are collectors hands, the market downturn, most of them to wait and see, will not easily shot. 
        In fact, in recent years, the quantity and quality boutique Bloodstone are earlier than ever before, but then the price is high, it is unreasonable. Today, for those who want to buy a high-end soapstone seal ordinary collectors, it may be a little late. Resource scarcity prices soaring, a variety of soapstone fake have emerged, the market is flooded with a variety of fake stones. More common fraud practices include mosaic stained, impregnated, skinning method. Mosaic staining is a better choice Bloodstone seal on its surface a number of deep and shallow pits dug, and then embedded with red mercury sulfide color, and then through natural dried, polish wax. However, this color after soapstone mosaic stained blunt, no layering, relatively easy to identify. 
        There will be no direct fossil bloodless Chang, smear mercury sulfide Reapply after dry red pigment, and then dried, and then placed in a resin impregnation. Direct smear red pigment fraud, its color more layered, but easy to aging, skin yellowing. In origin, some of the scrap, waste material also acts on a good heliotrope, some with fake stone pigment dyed posing soapstone industry, as well as adding the crushed powder for industrial dye remodeling fraud. 
        Another believable fake resin synthesis, the use of mineral rock powder, plastic, resin and red pigments, artificial lines made of soapstone, high temperature, high pressure, grinding, polishing, the realistic soapstone seal it completed. This synthetic material similar to soapstone and true, even experienced collectors are also difficult to identify the authenticity. Of course, not entirely unable to distinguish its special chemical composition, when there will be burning taste will change. 
        Real stone veneer law: the true Bloodstone counterfeiters 6 faces, cutting out the thin 6 to pack in an ordinary stone, place the glue line angle polished. This fake bloodstone, natural color, texture distribution characteristics of natural soapstone, very difficult to identify. In the identification of four carefully observed when the interface is able to see the lines converge on. In order to maximize the benefits of a stone counterfeiters often use a cutting surface, and attractive color can only stay on a plane. 
         Stitching fraud law mostly in large soapstone carving member. Difficult to see a large soapstone raw materials, coupled with exquisite carving, so the price is more expensive, counterfeiters will Bloodstone Bloody part in the big stone inlay Note, made large soapstone ornaments deceive collectors. Identify large soapstone ornaments can be observed when the texture is natural and reasonable to. 
        Bloodstone Bloody investment collection first look, followed by texture. Bloodstone to Scarlet rich and celebrated. The more red the more centralized collection value, bloody area is big, bright and dripping. Now one thumb size, color stone surface area accounted for 40% of the soapstone seal, the market in the yuan. Followed depends on the texture, stone less to clean impurities, feel nourish, from the texture point of view, the most precious suet frozen, freeze followed by Ukraine