幾種與壽山石較相似玉石的鑑別-1
摘要：壽山石，以其溫潤細膩、晶瑩剔透的石質，艷麗多彩、讓人目不暇接的色澤，柔韌適中，雕刻性好和千姿百態精美的雕琢，贏得人們的鍾愛。 但壽山石和一些與其相似玉石的識別鑑定確有些困難。 本文簡要介紹壽山石的分類和特點，以便對壽山石的特性有基本的了解；介紹了用常規珠寶鑑定方法，如密度、硬度、鏡下放大觀察，內部礦物包體特徵以及光澤，顏色特徵等，鑑別青田石、巴林石、滑石以及昌化黃石、水鎂石這些易與壽山石相混淆的玉石的方法和特點，以達到鑑別真偽的目的。
2006年11月7日，在香港蘇富比拍賣會上，一件二百余克的壽山田黃石紙鎮以3932萬港元的天價成交。 這無疑更促進壽山石名揚海內外，提升壽山石的石中之王和“石帝”的地位。
近年來，國人生活水平和鑑賞能力提高，人們鍾愛壽山石，收藏家、篆刻家們也竭力購置所喜愛的壽山石飾品。 這主要是由於壽山石其石質溫潤綿密、細膩靈純、晶瑩剔透、無與倫比的天生麗質；又歷經數百年來，多少代福建藝人們的精雕細琢，造就出無數巧奪天工的壽山石精品。 如今，精品壽山石日漸稀少，價格也在持續攀升，而在豐厚利潤的驅使下，大量仿冒壽山石的贗品也充斥市場。 筆者近期走訪一些古玩集散市場，就見有不少以青田石、巴林石、滑石或水鎂石冒充壽山石飾品，其中較多的是以把玩件、小雕件、印章等形式出現。 筆者購得部分這些飾品並運用常規珠寶鑑定儀器，測試其密度、硬度、觀察其鏡下特點，內部礦物結構，礦物包體，顏色分佈等特點，並與壽山石的諸特性進行比對，試圖從中探討總結用常規方法的鑑別特徵。
一、 壽山石總體分類和特點簡述
壽山石產於福建省福州市北郊壽山村方圓約一百多平方公里的山脈和溪田中。 主要礦物為地開石（DK）、高嶺石（Ka）、葉臘石（Py）、伊利石(IL)、珍珠陶石（Nc），以及含少量的其他付礦物[1]。 按礦物學類型分高嶺石型，葉臘石型和伊利石型三類。 按其產出位置分為為田坑石，水坑石、山坑石三大類，而此分類是沿用歷史和傳統、也是目前認可的分類法，本文依此分類論述。
1、田坑石主要產於壽山溪和溪旁農田中，也是田黃石的主要產地。 根據其顏色分為黃田、紅田、黑田、白田和牛蛋黃等共13個品種。主要特徵是內部肌理隱現“蘿蔔紋”（蘿蔔削皮，內有編織如網細密的絲紋，其實是結構紋）(圖A1)；皮色外表濃艷，內裡漸淡，表層多裹有杏黃、黃白或黑色皮（圖A2、A3）；可見有格紋呈紅筋狀（其他品種壽山石的筋格可有多種顏色，而田黃的筋格多為紅色，其實是一種癒合裂隙且充填鐵質等）(圖A3、A4)。 這是田黃石的三大特徵，也是鑑別的重要依據。 田坑石多微透明，極溫潤、細密。 密度大多為2.58-2.62g/cm3，相對硬度Hm=2.6±（少數烏鴉皮田黃和牛蛋黃等密度可達2.78g/cm3，Hm=3.73），主要礦物為地開石和珍珠陶石，次要礦物伊利石等。
2、水坑石主要產自壽山溪上游的小山—坑頭占之麓的溪旁山澗，多以硐採為主。 因礦脈位置水源豐沛，出產的多為凍石，如水晶凍（圖A5）、魚腦凍，瑪瑙凍等13個品種。 其特點是因其長期受地下水浸漬，形成明顯獨特的晶瑩剔透、透明度高、緻密且雜質少的特性。 其他坑石的壽山石（如高山凍等坑石）在這方面無以媲比。 其次是其產量少、產區面積小、塊度小的三小特點。 其三是密度大多2.61-2.63g/cm3.相對硬度Hm=2.61，少數為2.70-2.80g/cm3，Hm=2.85±。 放大觀察，有時見赤鐵礦呈細小星點狀分佈，如桃花凍石品種等。
山坑石，產於方圓一百多平方公里的壽山、月洋兩山脈的岩層中。 該石種品種多，紛雜，分佈廣。 人們依其產出的礦脈來分類，共為14種礦脈類、細分為76個品種，如高山石（圖A7），都成坑石、荔枝洞石（圖A8）、芙蓉石（圖A6 ）、善伯石（圖A4）、月尾石、文洋石、旗降石等等。 該類玉石以硐採為主，次為掘性山坑石—即在山坡泥土層中挖掘到的，也稱“獨石”。 主要特點是、顏色變化複雜多樣，有白、灰、粉紅、赭黃、青綠、灰紫等甚至黑色；密度，硬度特點是，大部分山坑石：2.58-2.68g/cm3.Hm=2.3- 2.6.（較有規律性）。 少部分山坑石為2.71-2.82g/cm3，Hm=2.5-2.8，這主要為月尾石、芙蓉石及連江黃等（這些密度較高的山坑石主要為葉臘石型和伊利石型）[1]；有時可見蘿蔔紋或棉砂地，或紋路粗，有格紋，放大觀察常見有石英等包體，也偶見絹雲母、黃鐵礦、赤鐵礦包體，如高山桃花石。
Several similar to Shoushan stone is similar to the identification of jade -1
Abstract: Shoushan stone, with its gentle and delicate, crystal clear stone, colorful, people dizzying color, flexible and moderate, good carving and thousands of beautiful and beautiful carving, to win people's favorite. But Shoushan stone and some similar identification of jade identification is indeed some difficulties. This paper briefly introduces the classification and characteristics of Shoushan stone in order to have a basic understanding of the characteristics of Shoushan stone. It introduces the methods of identification, such as density, hardness, microscopic magnification observation, internal mineral inclusions and luster and color characteristics. Qingtian stone, Balin stone, talc and Changhua Yellowstone, brucite and jade stone and these easy to confuse the jade method and characteristics, in order to achieve the purpose of identification of authenticity.
November 7, 2006, in Hong Kong Sotheby's auction, a two hundred grams of Shou Shan Tian Huangshi paper town to 39.32 million Hong Kong dollars traded. This will undoubtedly promote the Shoushan stone famous at home and abroad, to enhance the stone of the stone in the stone and the "stone emperor" status.
In recent years, people living standards and appreciation ability, people love Shoushan stone, collectors, sealers are also trying to purchase the favorite Shoushan stone jewelry. This is mainly due to the Shoushan stone stone moist and dense, delicate pure pure, crystal clear, unparalleled natural beauty; and after hundreds of years, the number of generations of Fujian artists uncompromising attention to create countless talented Shoushan stone fine. Today, the fine Shoushan stone increasingly scarce, prices are continuing to rise, and driven by lucrative profits, a large number of counterfeit Shou Shan stone fake is also flooding the market. I recently visited some antiques distribution market, to see a lot of Qingtian stone, Balin stone, talc or brucite posing as Shoushan stone jewelry, which is more to play pieces, small carvings, seals and other forms. The author purchased some of these ornaments and used conventional jewelry identification equipment to test its density, hardness, observation of its microscopic characteristics, internal mineral structure, mineral inclusions, color distribution and other characteristics, and with the characteristics of Shoushan stone comparison, trying to Explore the summary of the identification of conventional methods.
A Brief Introduction to the General Classification and Characteristics of Shoushan Stone
Shoushan stone produced in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, the northern suburbs of Shoushan Village radius of about 100 square kilometers of mountains and streams. The main minerals are ground rock (DK), kaolinite (Ka), pyrophyllite (Py), illite (IL), pearlite (Nc), and a small amount of other minerals [1]. According to mineralogical type kaolinite type, pyrophyllite type and illite type three. According to their output position is divided into Tiankeng stone, puddle stone, mountain stone three categories, and this classification is to follow the history and tradition, is currently recognized classification, this article classification.
1, Tian pit stone is mainly produced in Shoushan Creek and the river farmland, but also the main origin of the Yellowstone. According to its color is divided into Huangtian, Hong Tian, Kuroda, white fields and bovine yolk and other 13 varieties. The main feature is the internal texture of the "radish pattern" (radish peeled, there are woven, such as the network of fine silk pattern, in fact, the structure of the pattern) (Figure A1); skin color appearance, inside light, the surface wrapped with apricot, Yellow or black leather (Figure A2, A3); visible grain was red gluten-like (other species Shoushan stone can have a variety of colors, and Tian Huang's tendons are mostly red, in fact, is a healing fracture and filling iron Quality, etc.) (Figure A3, A4). This is the three characteristics of Tian Huangshi, but also an important basis for identification. Tiankeng stone more transparent, very warm, fine. The density is mostly 2.58-2.62g / cm3, the relative hardness Hm = 2.6 ± (a small number of crows and yellow and brown egg yolk density of up to 2.78g / cm3, Hm = 3.73), the main minerals for the ground stone and pearls, Mineral illite and so on.
2, puddle stone is mainly produced in the upper reaches of Shoushan Creek Hill - pit head of the foot of the foot of the mountain next to the mountain, mostly to the main mining. Because of the abundant water source of the veins, the production is mostly frozen stone, such as crystal frozen (Figure A5), fish brain frozen, agate and other 13 varieties of frozen. It is characterized by its long-term by the groundwater immersion, the formation of a unique unique crystal clear, high transparency, dense and less impurities. Other pit stone Shoushan stone (such as high mountain frozen and other pit) in this area no match. Followed by its small output, producing area is small, small size of the three small features. The third is the density of most 2.61-2.63g / cm3. Relative hardness Hm = 2.61, a few 2.70-2.80g / cm3, Hm = 2.85 ±. Magnified observation, sometimes see hematite was a small star-like distribution, such as peach frozen stone varieties.
Mountain stone, produced in a radius of more than 100 square kilometers of Shoushan, Yueyang two mountains in the rock. The variety of stone species, complex, widely distributed. (Figure A8), Furong stone (Figure A6), are divided into 76 species, such as high mountain stone (Figure A7), are into the pit stone, litchi stone (Figure A8), Furong stone (Figure A6) , Good stone (Figure A4), the tail of the stone, Wen Yan stone, flag stone and so on. The kind of jade to cave mining mainly for the excavation of the mountain stone - that is, in the slope of the soil layer to dig, also known as "monolithic". The main feature is the color changes are complex and diverse, white, gray, pink, ocher yellow, green, gray and purple and even black; density, hardness is characterized by most of the mountain stone: 2.58-2.68g / cm3.Hm = 2.3- 2.6 (more regular). A small part of the pit stone for the 2.71-2.82g / cm3, Hm = 2.5-2.8, which is mainly the tail of the tail, Furong stone and even the river and so on (these higher density of the pit of stone mainly pyrophyllite and Yili Stone type), sometimes visible radish pattern or cotton sand, or lines thick, with checkered, magnified observation of common quartz and other inclusions, also occasionally sericite, pyrite, hematite inclusions, such as Alpine peach stone.
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