田黄石的收藏与鉴定
田黄是石中之王，自问世以来一直受到达官贵人、富商巨贾的追捧，而“黄金易得，田黄难求”，“一两田黄三两金”等民间说法也使田黄的尊贵地位得到凸显，甚至让田黄蒙上了一层神秘色彩。如今优质田黄早已以克论价，而一些料好、雕工出色的名家名作更是可遇而不可求了。
所谓田黄，即寿山石中的特殊品种，因产于福建寿山村坑头溪两岸水田及河流底部的沙砾层中而得名。其质地细腻、温润，手摸有滑感，并常有石皮、红格、罗卜纹等标志。田黄作为我国特有的“软宝石”之一，在全世界范围内只有我国福建寿山一块不到1平方公里的田中出产，因此产量极其有限。需要注意的是，并非任何田黄都具有很高的收藏价值。田黄的质地优劣悬殊，价值高低差异极大，不能一概而论。多数用于收藏与投资的田黄也仅是其中少部分特征明显、各方面俱佳而无可挑剔的上品。因此，如何品鉴上品田黄石材或田黄印章就成为田黄初学者必须掌握的要领。田黄的鉴定标准上好的田黄首先颜色要正，所以田黄的“黄”就要求黄得如同金子般灿烂。上品的田黄还要通透、纯净、细腻，纹理要美。同时作为硬石的代表石材，田黄出土时均为椭圆形，所以上品的田黄应该饱满、浑圆、比例协调。当前的收藏界在辨别田黄上有三大标准，即“有萝卜丝纹、红筋、石皮”。值得注意的是，由于田黄石的品种、样貌多样，如果仅用这几个标准来衡量，难免会以偏概全。因此在鉴定田黄时，除了要观察以下一些常见特征，还要综合考虑质地、色泽等其他因素。
1.石形
田黄的母石为山料，呈棱角状，经过重力与水流的搬运及磨蚀作用，其棱角逐渐圆化，形成形态多样、大小不一的卵石(独石)，呈次棱角状或次圆状。如果发现棱角尖锐或浑圆光滑的“田黄”就值得怀疑，可能为掘性石或山料磨制而成，但如果在加工过程中破坏了其原形就难以识别了。田黄一般为几十克至几百克，超过千克的非常罕见，几公斤的田黄应值得警惕。
2.石皮
田黄长期埋藏在水田中，经风化作用，其外表通常会形成不同特征的皮层。根据皮层的厚薄，可分为厚皮(>1mm)、薄皮(<1mm)和稀皮(细雾状)；皮层有单层皮与多层皮。田黄的皮色主要有黄色、黑色与白色。黑色皮俗称“乌鸦皮”；皮为白色而石色为黄色，称为“银包金”；皮为黄色而石色为白色，称为“金包银”。田黄的不同皮色可能与不同颜色的土质有关，即黄色的土壤形成黄色皮，黑色的土壤形成黑色皮。由于田黄普遍发育石皮，有“无皮不成田”之说，故石皮成为鉴定田黄的重要特征之一。
3.萝卜丝纹
采用透射光观察田黄的内部，其普遍发育似“萝卜丝纹”纹理，是非常重要的鉴定特征。田黄内部的“萝卜丝纹”多种多样，发育程度不同，按粗细可分为条带状、条纹状与细丝状；按形态可分为直线形、网状形与不规则形；按颜色可分为白色、黄色与棕色；按透明度可分为半透明与微透明。田黄基本上都具有“萝卜丝纹”，“无纹不成田”的说法成立，但不能绝对化。
4.红格(或红筋)
田黄的“格”或“筋”实际上是一种裂隙，这些裂隙在地表条件下，特别是水田里，普遍受到Fe2O3溶液的渗入与沉淀，被染成黄红色，故称为红格或红筋。但也有少数没有颜色，为白色裂隙，则称为无色格。田黄有红格(或红筋)的现象较普遍，也有“无格不成田”之说。
造假方法与真伪鉴别随着艺术品市场的升温和田黄价格的逐年提升，市场上出现了大量的田黄仿制品，种类之多、数量之大，严重影响了人们对于收藏的信心。田黄的造假方式越来越多，如何使其现出“原形”成为考验收藏者眼力的难题。
1.冒充法
该方法由来已久，主要用产于寿山一带的其他石种冒充田黄。这些石种的外观类似田黄，但其本身具有一些独特的特点，如鹿目格无“萝卜丝纹”而有“鸽眼砂”，溪蛋无“萝卜丝纹”和红格，牛蛋黄无“萝卜丝纹”且密度大。
2.拼接法
拼接法指将许多小块田黄(小于30g)拼接为大块田黄，并在拼接处以工艺手段掩盖其痕迹。这种拼接田黄的鉴别方法是：(1)寻找接合缝。接合缝一般用胶黏合，放大观察可看到胶的存在，或用热针试之会冒白烟；(2)内部的格纹特征。在强透射光下，可发现其内部的不同部分，红格和“萝卜丝纹”的形态不同，粗细与色调相差很大，还有突然断开、不连续等现象。
3.塑料仿制法
此法主要是用半透明的浅黄色塑料冒充田黄，其鉴别方法为：(1)外貌特征。颜色与质地较均匀，内外一致，无石皮；(2)内部特征。在强照射光下内部干净、均一，无红格、“萝卜丝纹”和杂质；(3)触感法。将其贴于面部有温感，天然田黄则为凉感；(4)手掂法。因塑料的密度远低于田黄，手掂轻；(5)刀刮法。用刀刮之，呈片状，而田黄则呈粉未状：(6)热针试验。用热针触之，冒白烟，散发塑料味。
4.山石仿制法
山石仿制法指利用各种蚀变型黏土类岩石依照田黄的颜色、石形、石皮等特征进行仿制。目前，这类田黄仿制品在市场上数量最大，由于其外观与田黄十分相似，其欺骗性也最大，使不少人上当受骗，鉴别时需结合仪器与感官分析。鉴别方法为：(1)测量石质。运用红外光谱仪等仪器对石质进行测试，以确定其主要矿物组成以及样品的密度。(2)观察石形。山石仿造的田黄砾石形态通常为单调的浑圆状，表面光溜，缺少天然田黄表面的大小不规则状凹坑与沟槽。(3)观察石皮。仿制的石皮质地较干涩，皮色较鲜艳、均一，不自然；而天然石皮质地较细滑，色泽较柔和，颜色不十分均匀，非常自然。(4)观察石色。经染色处理的田黄仿制品总体上颜色较均一，有些过于鲜艳，有些过于色浓，不够柔和
Collection and identification of Yellowstone
Tianhuang is the king of rock, since its inception has been dignitaries, wealthy businessmen sought after, and "easy to get gold, Tianhuang hard to find," "one or two tianhuang couple of gold" and other folk saying also distinguished Tianhuang status has been highlighted, and even Tianhuang cast a mystery. Today, high-quality grams Lunjia Tianhuang long, and some good material, excellent workmanship and famous masterpieces is scarce it.
The so-called Tianhuang that Shoushan stone in special varieties, as produced in Fujian Shou gravel pit village head strait Paddy Creek and named after the river bottom. Its fine texture, moist, slippery hand touch feeling, and often stone skin, red cells, carrots lines and other signs. Tianhuang as one of the "soft gem" of a unique, worldwide only a piece of China's Fujian Shoushan Tanaka produced less than one square kilometer, so production is extremely limited. It should be noted that not any Tianhuang have a high collection value. Tianhuang texture merits of the poor, high and low values vary greatly and can not be generalized. Tianhuang mostly for collection and investment also is one of only a small number of distinctive characteristics, all aspects of impeccable taste and top grade. So how Tianhuang tasting top grade stone or tianhuang seal became tianhuang beginners must master the essentials. The identification of good standard Tianhuang Tianhuang first color to be positive, so Tianhuang "yellow" requires Huang as bright as gold. Top grade Tianhuang also transparent, pure, delicate texture to the United States. At the same stone as the Hard Rock's behalf, are unearthed when Tianhuang oval, so the top grade Tianhuang should be plump, rounded, the proportion of coordination. The current collectors in identifying three criteria Tianhuang there, that "there is Luobosiwen, red bars, stone skin." It is worth noting that, due to the variety Yellowstone, diverse faces, if only these standards, they will be generalized. Therefore, when the identification Tianhuang, in addition to observe the following are some common characteristics, but also considering other factors, texture, color and so on.
1 stone shape
Tianhuang mother stone mountain material, was angular, after handling and abrasive action of gravity and flow, its rounded edges and gradually form varied shapes and sizes of pebbles (monolith), was sub-angular or sub-round shape. If it is found sharp or rounded edges and smooth "Tianhuang" is questionable, excavation of rock or may grinding material from the mountain, its original shape if the damage in the process would be difficult to identify it. Tianhuang usually tens of grams to hundreds of grams, more than one thousand grams of very rare, a few kilograms of Tianhuang should be vigilant.
2 stone skin
Tianhuang long buried in the paddy fields, through weathering, its appearance is usually characterized by the formation of different cortical. According to the thickness of the cortex can be divided into thick (> 1mm), thin (<1mm) and dilute skin (fine mist); cortex single and multi-skin leather. Tianhuang skin color are mainly yellow, black and white. Black leather commonly known as "crow skin"; skin color is white and yellow stone, called "wallets gold"; skin color is yellow and white stone, known as the "Gold Package Silver." Tianhuang different skin color and different colors may be related to soil, yellow soil that formed yellow skin, black leather black soil formation. Due to widespread development Tianhuang stone skin, there is "no skin is not a field," said the stone skin and therefore become an important characterization Tianhuang.
3 Luobosiwen
Identification by transmission characteristics of the light is very important to observe the internal Tianhuang, the general development like "Luobosiwen" texture is. Tianhuang internal "Luobosiwen" variety, different levels of development, can be divided by the thickness of the strip, stripes and filamentous; press can be divided into linear form, mesh-shaped and irregular in shape; Press Color can be divided into white, yellow and brown; press and transparency can be divided into semi-micro and transparent. Tianhuang basically have a "Luobosiwen", "no pattern fails field," saying the establishment, but not absolute.
4 red cell (or red bars)
Tianhuang "grid" or "bar" is actually a fissure, these cracks in the surface conditions, especially paddy fields, generally subject to infiltration and precipitation Fe2O3 solution was dyed red and yellow, it is known as red cells or red bars. But there are a few no color, white fissures, then known as colorless grid. Tianhuang red cells (or red bars) phenomenon more common, there are "no grid is not a field," said.
Fraud methods and the authenticity of identification with the art market increased year by year warming and Tianhuang prices, appeared on the market a lot of Tianhuang imitation, many species, the number of large, serious impact on people's confidence in the collection. Tianhuang false way more and more, how it emerged, "prototype" has become a test of collectors eyesight problems.
1. Posing Act
The time-honored method, mainly produced in other stone posing tianhuang Shoushan area. These stone kind of looks like Tianhuang, but it itself has some unique features, such as deer mesh grid without "Luobosiwen" and the "pigeon eye sand" Creek egg-free "Luobosiwen" and red cells, cow egg yolk No "Luobosiwen" and the density.
2 splicing
Splicing method refers to the many small tianhuang (less than 30g) for bulk Tianhuang stitching and stitching impose technical means to conceal their traces. This method of identifying splice Tianhuang are: (1) Find the joint seam. Adhesive bonding glue joints generally, the presence of gum magnified observation can be seen, or to be white smoke test of the hot needle; (2) Check the internal features. In strong transmitted light, can be found in different parts of its internal, red cell and "Luobosiwen" form different thickness and tone vary greatly, there suddenly disconnected, discontinuous phenomenon.
3 plastic imitation Act
This method is mainly used pale yellow translucent plastic posing Tianhuang, its identification methods are: (1) physical characteristics. Color and texture more uniform, consistent and outside, no stone skin; (2) internal features. In strong light irradiation inside a clean, uniform, no red cells, "Luobosiwen" and impurities; (3) touch method. Be affixed to the face with warm feeling, a sense of natural Tianhuang was cool; (4) Hand weigh method. Due to much lower than the density of plastic Tianhuang hand weigh light; (5) Knife Act. Daogua of use, flaky, and then was powdered Tianhuang: (6) hot needle test. Touch with hot needle, white smoke, distribute plastic taste.
4 rocks generic method
Generic means using a variety of rocks Act clay alteration type rocks accordance Tianhuang colors, stone shape, stone imitation leather and other features. At present, such Tianhuang imitations on the market the largest number, because of its appearance and Tianhuang very similar, is also the largest of its deceptive, so many people deceived, to be combined with the differential instrumentation and sensory analysis. Identification method: (a) measuring the stone. Using an infrared spectrometer instrument on the stone tested to determine its main mineral composition and density of the sample. (2) observe the stone shape. Tianhuang gravel rocks form of imitation is usually monotonous round shape, surface Guangliu lack of size natural Tianhuang irregular surface pits and trenches. (3) observe the stone skin. Imitation stone cortex than, dryness, skin color more vivid, uniform and unnatural; rather than the natural stone to smooth leather, softer color, color is not very uniform, very natural. (4) observation of stone colors. Tianhuang dyed imitation processed more uniform overall color, a little too bright, a little too tinted, not soft
所谓田黄，即寿山石中的特殊品种，因产于福建寿山村坑头溪两岸水田及河流底部的沙砾层中而得名。其质地细腻、温润，手摸有滑感，并常有石皮、红格、罗卜纹等标志。田黄作为我国特有的“软宝石”之一，在全世界范围内只有我国福建寿山一块不到1平方公里的田中出产，因此产量极其有限。需要注意的是，并非任何田黄都具有很高的收藏价值。田黄的质地优劣悬殊，价值高低差异极大，不能一概而论。多数用于收藏与投资的田黄也仅是其中少部分特征明显、各方面俱佳而无可挑剔的上品。因此，如何品鉴上品田黄石材或田黄印章就成为田黄初学者必须掌握的要领。田黄的鉴定标准上好的田黄首先颜色要正，所以田黄的“黄”就要求黄得如同金子般灿烂。上品的田黄还要通透、纯净、细腻，纹理要美。同时作为硬石的代表石材，田黄出土时均为椭圆形，所以上品的田黄应该饱满、浑圆、比例协调。当前的收藏界在辨别田黄上有三大标准，即“有萝卜丝纹、红筋、石皮”。值得注意的是，由于田黄石的品种、样貌多样，如果仅用这几个标准来衡量，难免会以偏概全。因此在鉴定田黄时，除了要观察以下一些常见特征，还要综合考虑质地、色泽等其他因素。
1.石形
田黄的母石为山料，呈棱角状，经过重力与水流的搬运及磨蚀作用，其棱角逐渐圆化，形成形态多样、大小不一的卵石(独石)，呈次棱角状或次圆状。如果发现棱角尖锐或浑圆光滑的“田黄”就值得怀疑，可能为掘性石或山料磨制而成，但如果在加工过程中破坏了其原形就难以识别了。田黄一般为几十克至几百克，超过千克的非常罕见，几公斤的田黄应值得警惕。
2.石皮
田黄长期埋藏在水田中，经风化作用，其外表通常会形成不同特征的皮层。根据皮层的厚薄，可分为厚皮(>1mm)、薄皮(<1mm)和稀皮(细雾状)；皮层有单层皮与多层皮。田黄的皮色主要有黄色、黑色与白色。黑色皮俗称“乌鸦皮”；皮为白色而石色为黄色，称为“银包金”；皮为黄色而石色为白色，称为“金包银”。田黄的不同皮色可能与不同颜色的土质有关，即黄色的土壤形成黄色皮，黑色的土壤形成黑色皮。由于田黄普遍发育石皮，有“无皮不成田”之说，故石皮成为鉴定田黄的重要特征之一。
3.萝卜丝纹
采用透射光观察田黄的内部，其普遍发育似“萝卜丝纹”纹理，是非常重要的鉴定特征。田黄内部的“萝卜丝纹”多种多样，发育程度不同，按粗细可分为条带状、条纹状与细丝状；按形态可分为直线形、网状形与不规则形；按颜色可分为白色、黄色与棕色；按透明度可分为半透明与微透明。田黄基本上都具有“萝卜丝纹”，“无纹不成田”的说法成立，但不能绝对化。
4.红格(或红筋)
田黄的“格”或“筋”实际上是一种裂隙，这些裂隙在地表条件下，特别是水田里，普遍受到Fe2O3溶液的渗入与沉淀，被染成黄红色，故称为红格或红筋。但也有少数没有颜色，为白色裂隙，则称为无色格。田黄有红格(或红筋)的现象较普遍，也有“无格不成田”之说。
造假方法与真伪鉴别随着艺术品市场的升温和田黄价格的逐年提升，市场上出现了大量的田黄仿制品，种类之多、数量之大，严重影响了人们对于收藏的信心。田黄的造假方式越来越多，如何使其现出“原形”成为考验收藏者眼力的难题。
1.冒充法
该方法由来已久，主要用产于寿山一带的其他石种冒充田黄。这些石种的外观类似田黄，但其本身具有一些独特的特点，如鹿目格无“萝卜丝纹”而有“鸽眼砂”，溪蛋无“萝卜丝纹”和红格，牛蛋黄无“萝卜丝纹”且密度大。
2.拼接法
拼接法指将许多小块田黄(小于30g)拼接为大块田黄，并在拼接处以工艺手段掩盖其痕迹。这种拼接田黄的鉴别方法是：(1)寻找接合缝。接合缝一般用胶黏合，放大观察可看到胶的存在，或用热针试之会冒白烟；(2)内部的格纹特征。在强透射光下，可发现其内部的不同部分，红格和“萝卜丝纹”的形态不同，粗细与色调相差很大，还有突然断开、不连续等现象。
3.塑料仿制法
此法主要是用半透明的浅黄色塑料冒充田黄，其鉴别方法为：(1)外貌特征。颜色与质地较均匀，内外一致，无石皮；(2)内部特征。在强照射光下内部干净、均一，无红格、“萝卜丝纹”和杂质；(3)触感法。将其贴于面部有温感，天然田黄则为凉感；(4)手掂法。因塑料的密度远低于田黄，手掂轻；(5)刀刮法。用刀刮之，呈片状，而田黄则呈粉未状：(6)热针试验。用热针触之，冒白烟，散发塑料味。
4.山石仿制法
山石仿制法指利用各种蚀变型黏土类岩石依照田黄的颜色、石形、石皮等特征进行仿制。目前，这类田黄仿制品在市场上数量最大，由于其外观与田黄十分相似，其欺骗性也最大，使不少人上当受骗，鉴别时需结合仪器与感官分析。鉴别方法为：(1)测量石质。运用红外光谱仪等仪器对石质进行测试，以确定其主要矿物组成以及样品的密度。(2)观察石形。山石仿造的田黄砾石形态通常为单调的浑圆状，表面光溜，缺少天然田黄表面的大小不规则状凹坑与沟槽。(3)观察石皮。仿制的石皮质地较干涩，皮色较鲜艳、均一，不自然；而天然石皮质地较细滑，色泽较柔和，颜色不十分均匀，非常自然。(4)观察石色。经染色处理的田黄仿制品总体上颜色较均一，有些过于鲜艳，有些过于色浓，不够柔和
Collection and identification of Yellowstone
Tianhuang is the king of rock, since its inception has been dignitaries, wealthy businessmen sought after, and "easy to get gold, Tianhuang hard to find," "one or two tianhuang couple of gold" and other folk saying also distinguished Tianhuang status has been highlighted, and even Tianhuang cast a mystery. Today, high-quality grams Lunjia Tianhuang long, and some good material, excellent workmanship and famous masterpieces is scarce it.
The so-called Tianhuang that Shoushan stone in special varieties, as produced in Fujian Shou gravel pit village head strait Paddy Creek and named after the river bottom. Its fine texture, moist, slippery hand touch feeling, and often stone skin, red cells, carrots lines and other signs. Tianhuang as one of the "soft gem" of a unique, worldwide only a piece of China's Fujian Shoushan Tanaka produced less than one square kilometer, so production is extremely limited. It should be noted that not any Tianhuang have a high collection value. Tianhuang texture merits of the poor, high and low values vary greatly and can not be generalized. Tianhuang mostly for collection and investment also is one of only a small number of distinctive characteristics, all aspects of impeccable taste and top grade. So how Tianhuang tasting top grade stone or tianhuang seal became tianhuang beginners must master the essentials. The identification of good standard Tianhuang Tianhuang first color to be positive, so Tianhuang "yellow" requires Huang as bright as gold. Top grade Tianhuang also transparent, pure, delicate texture to the United States. At the same stone as the Hard Rock's behalf, are unearthed when Tianhuang oval, so the top grade Tianhuang should be plump, rounded, the proportion of coordination. The current collectors in identifying three criteria Tianhuang there, that "there is Luobosiwen, red bars, stone skin." It is worth noting that, due to the variety Yellowstone, diverse faces, if only these standards, they will be generalized. Therefore, when the identification Tianhuang, in addition to observe the following are some common characteristics, but also considering other factors, texture, color and so on.
1 stone shape
Tianhuang mother stone mountain material, was angular, after handling and abrasive action of gravity and flow, its rounded edges and gradually form varied shapes and sizes of pebbles (monolith), was sub-angular or sub-round shape. If it is found sharp or rounded edges and smooth "Tianhuang" is questionable, excavation of rock or may grinding material from the mountain, its original shape if the damage in the process would be difficult to identify it. Tianhuang usually tens of grams to hundreds of grams, more than one thousand grams of very rare, a few kilograms of Tianhuang should be vigilant.
2 stone skin
Tianhuang long buried in the paddy fields, through weathering, its appearance is usually characterized by the formation of different cortical. According to the thickness of the cortex can be divided into thick (> 1mm), thin (<1mm) and dilute skin (fine mist); cortex single and multi-skin leather. Tianhuang skin color are mainly yellow, black and white. Black leather commonly known as "crow skin"; skin color is white and yellow stone, called "wallets gold"; skin color is yellow and white stone, known as the "Gold Package Silver." Tianhuang different skin color and different colors may be related to soil, yellow soil that formed yellow skin, black leather black soil formation. Due to widespread development Tianhuang stone skin, there is "no skin is not a field," said the stone skin and therefore become an important characterization Tianhuang.
3 Luobosiwen
Identification by transmission characteristics of the light is very important to observe the internal Tianhuang, the general development like "Luobosiwen" texture is. Tianhuang internal "Luobosiwen" variety, different levels of development, can be divided by the thickness of the strip, stripes and filamentous; press can be divided into linear form, mesh-shaped and irregular in shape; Press Color can be divided into white, yellow and brown; press and transparency can be divided into semi-micro and transparent. Tianhuang basically have a "Luobosiwen", "no pattern fails field," saying the establishment, but not absolute.
4 red cell (or red bars)
Tianhuang "grid" or "bar" is actually a fissure, these cracks in the surface conditions, especially paddy fields, generally subject to infiltration and precipitation Fe2O3 solution was dyed red and yellow, it is known as red cells or red bars. But there are a few no color, white fissures, then known as colorless grid. Tianhuang red cells (or red bars) phenomenon more common, there are "no grid is not a field," said.
Fraud methods and the authenticity of identification with the art market increased year by year warming and Tianhuang prices, appeared on the market a lot of Tianhuang imitation, many species, the number of large, serious impact on people's confidence in the collection. Tianhuang false way more and more, how it emerged, "prototype" has become a test of collectors eyesight problems.
1. Posing Act
The time-honored method, mainly produced in other stone posing tianhuang Shoushan area. These stone kind of looks like Tianhuang, but it itself has some unique features, such as deer mesh grid without "Luobosiwen" and the "pigeon eye sand" Creek egg-free "Luobosiwen" and red cells, cow egg yolk No "Luobosiwen" and the density.
2 splicing
Splicing method refers to the many small tianhuang (less than 30g) for bulk Tianhuang stitching and stitching impose technical means to conceal their traces. This method of identifying splice Tianhuang are: (1) Find the joint seam. Adhesive bonding glue joints generally, the presence of gum magnified observation can be seen, or to be white smoke test of the hot needle; (2) Check the internal features. In strong transmitted light, can be found in different parts of its internal, red cell and "Luobosiwen" form different thickness and tone vary greatly, there suddenly disconnected, discontinuous phenomenon.
3 plastic imitation Act
This method is mainly used pale yellow translucent plastic posing Tianhuang, its identification methods are: (1) physical characteristics. Color and texture more uniform, consistent and outside, no stone skin; (2) internal features. In strong light irradiation inside a clean, uniform, no red cells, "Luobosiwen" and impurities; (3) touch method. Be affixed to the face with warm feeling, a sense of natural Tianhuang was cool; (4) Hand weigh method. Due to much lower than the density of plastic Tianhuang hand weigh light; (5) Knife Act. Daogua of use, flaky, and then was powdered Tianhuang: (6) hot needle test. Touch with hot needle, white smoke, distribute plastic taste.
4 rocks generic method
Generic means using a variety of rocks Act clay alteration type rocks accordance Tianhuang colors, stone shape, stone imitation leather and other features. At present, such Tianhuang imitations on the market the largest number, because of its appearance and Tianhuang very similar, is also the largest of its deceptive, so many people deceived, to be combined with the differential instrumentation and sensory analysis. Identification method: (a) measuring the stone. Using an infrared spectrometer instrument on the stone tested to determine its main mineral composition and density of the sample. (2) observe the stone shape. Tianhuang gravel rocks form of imitation is usually monotonous round shape, surface Guangliu lack of size natural Tianhuang irregular surface pits and trenches. (3) observe the stone skin. Imitation stone cortex than, dryness, skin color more vivid, uniform and unnatural; rather than the natural stone to smooth leather, softer color, color is not very uniform, very natural. (4) observation of stone colors. Tianhuang dyed imitation processed more uniform overall color, a little too bright, a little too tinted, not soft
